Thirsty ? Are we running out of water ?

welcome we have always attempted to include as much relevant information to our people, and here is something many have continued to overlook, keep in mind disease spreads in areas with poor water quality.

Thirsty ? Are we running out of water ?

As of late several infomercials, and media houses and syndicated channels have begun talking about the issue of water. Not just the Earths water, and how it relates to animals. Specifically drinking water and how we may be running out of it.

I talked with several friends regarding the issue, but know one seemed to understand the information given. We talked about how developed nations should be better equipped to deal with the situation, but according to experts maybe not.

We present the beginning of a series regarding water and the possible impact upon our people world wide.

The following information was gathered from CNN

Water privatisation: Ask Boutros Boutros Ghali

In 1985 Dr Boutros Ghali famously said that "the next war in the Middle East will be fought over water, not politics".

He has since said that conflicts over water in key hotspots throughout the Middle East can be resolved through the creation of a dedicated international monitoring organisation.

But he has also warned that future population growth will continue to put further strain on water supplies, creating the potential for further disputes.

Special note

“The major water for the USA is the Ogallala Aquifer

Ninety-five percent of the United States' fresh water is underground. One crucial source is a huge underground reservoir, the 800-mile Ogallala aquifer which stretches from Texas to South Dakota and waters one fifth of US irrigated land.

The aquifer was formed over millions of years, but has since been cut off from its original natural sources. It is being depleted at a rate of 12 billion cubic metres a year – amounting to a total depletion to date of a volume equal to the annual flow of 18 Colorado Rivers. Some estimates say it will dry up in as little as 25 years. “

Former United Nations Secretary General Boutros Boutros Ghali took your questions on water in Talking Point.

Transcript

Lyse Doucet:
Welcome to Talking Point, I'm Lyse Doucet, we're broadcasting on BBC World Television, Radio, Online, as well as interactive television in the United Kingdom. This week we're discussing water. It's a resource most of us take for granted. But the United Nations is warning that within the next two decades all of us, no matter where we live, will live with a third less water. And as it is now more than a billion people don't have access to clean supplies.

So what can be done? Last week at the French spa resort of Evian leaders of industrialised nations renewed a pledge to halve the number of people worldwide that don't have access to clean water and sanitation. The populations are growing fast and we're using more and more water. Indeed in developed nations ten times more than those in poorer states. Not surprisingly environmentalists are warning of a global water crisis, one that lies at the very heart of our survival.

We're joined on this programme today from our Paris studio by Boutros Boutros Ghali. He was the UN Secretary General from 1992 - 1996 and he made water a key issue during his tenure. He once famously said that the next war in the Middle East would be fought over water and not politics.

Boutros Boutros Ghali welcome to Talking Point. Do you still worry that there could be a war over water?

Dr Boutros Ghali:
Yes certainly because we have a real problem and I believe that water will be during this century more important than oil. We will have a problem, as you know, just to give you one example, more than 70 million people die every year due to the pollution of water. And half of the population of the world has not clean water. So there is a real discrimination between the people who are able to use clean water and the population who are not able to use clean water.

Lyse Doucet:
And what region of the world is most at danger of going to war or having a conflict over scarce water?

Dr Boutros Ghali:
You will have a problem - for example in my country Egypt there is no rain and hundred per cent of the water used in Egypt is based on the Nile and the Nile Basin. My country being a downstream country the sources of the Nile belong to other countries - you have Ethiopia, you have Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Congo Democratic and the Sudan - represent the sources of the Nile or share the Nile basin. So we have in Egypt a kind of obsession of security water and how to deal with it in the future because as you know you will have a kind of growing population in the different parts of the world and they will need more water and more water used in Ethiopia or more water used in the Sudan will be at the expense of Egypt.

Lyse Doucet:
Well we did in fact receive many callers and e-mails, from the countries who do have to share water along the Nile. Well Boutros Ghali we had people agreeing and disagreeing with you. An e-mail from Asghar Poorbehzadi in Kahnooj in Iran who says: I don't agree with you Mr Boutros Boutros Ghali, I think the war over energy will be the problem in the years to come.

And an e-mail from Shadi Fadda in Beirut in Lebanon, she says that the water conflict is already there between Lebanon and Syria on the one hand and Israel on the other. I think the only way to solve such problems, according to Shadi, is through a balance of power in the region. Well let's take our first caller, we're going to go to your native country, to Egypt, to Cairo, one of your favourite cities, Asmaa Shalabi is on the line, Asmaa what question would you like to put to Boutros Boutros Ghali?

Asmaa Shalabi:
I come from the point of view that recently it's been said that countries - third world countries - with resources are more prone to conflict. I'm looking at it with a reverse psychology point of view and trying to see this as a starting point for cooperation and communication and maybe solving more problems. I wonder what the likelihood of that is, if you could tell me?

Dr Boutros Ghali:
I agree that the problem of water among countries who share the same rivers will be through a cross border cooperation and only through a cross border cooperation will we be able to avoid the possibility of confrontation, of military confrontation or even dispute concerning the distribution of water belonging to the same basin. This is true for the Nile, this is true for the rivers of Iraq and Syria and Turkey, this is true in the problem of water inside Israel, this is true with the problem of water between Lebanon and Israel.

So the problem is that you have to sit around the table to find a compromise, to create an institution which will supervise the distribution of water. Again we have to agree on what criterion this water will be distributed to the different countries. So the problem is we must pay attention from now and not postpone the solution of those disputes, from now we must find a solution. After all in Asia they have been able to find an organisation which is the Mekon River Organisation. In Europe they have been able to have a common organisation for the Danube. So there is no reason why we in the countries of the third world we will not be able to agree on an organisation which will be based on a cross border cooperation.

Lyse Doucet:
Asmaa Shalabi it seems as though it's a political problem, do you agree with Boutros Ghali, do you think your political leaders can do that?

Asmaa Shalabi:
Well I don't see any reason why they shouldn't but so far I can only observe that they haven't and I wonder we've failed.

Dr Boutros Ghali:
I agree that there is not enough comprehension because this is a problem which is not the problem of today and the leaders of the different regions, as any political leader, is coping with the problems of today and they are not ready to pay attention to the problems of tomorrow. But I believe that a real leader must pay attention to the problem of tomorrow and the problem of tomorrow are problems of water.

Lyse Doucet:
Indeed. Asmaa Shalabi thank you for taking time to call us from Cairo. We had some e-mails from people in countries along the Nile. From Ahmed, who's from the College Station in the United States says: What do you think the chances are of a nation like Ethiopia or an autonomous southern Sudanese region cutting off Nile water to the north? Is Egypt willing to use force to resolve the situation?

And from A.S. in Cairo he says: As an Egyptian I worry that one day one of the countries along the Nile may decide to block our access to water. Are we prepared to go to war over this? So interestingly these two, in fact more of the e-mails, they're thinking the only way to resolve this is the possible use of force.

Dr Boutros Ghali:
Now let us have a more optimistic approach. I don't believe that any country will dare to cut the water because the water of the Nile, water from Egypt, is essential. The national security of Egypt is based on water, on the sources of the Nile. So I don't believe that this will happen. But the reason is that this is why we must pay attention from now to have a common organisation. And may I mention that there is a different organisation which has been created.

When I was minister of state for foreign affairs I created in 1983 the global group Save the Dam - for the Nile basin - integrated a independent commission which was created in 1990-96 - the technical cooperation commission for the promotion and the development of the Nile which was created in 1992. The Nile Basin initiative created in 1998 and it is financed by the World Bank. So I want to say that there is an awareness today that it is important to find a solution to the problem of the Nile Basin and the distribution of water in the Nile Basin.

Lyse Doucet:
Good, while we have a number of people who want to ask you about Egypt's point of view. On the line now from the Netherlands is Asnake Kefale, Asnake what would you like to ask Boutros Ghali.

Asnake Kefale:
Well what I want to ask is the role of Egypt? First to give a perspective to my question to the former Secretary General, my view about Egypt concerning cooperation on the Nile is very much I think they're guilty from a total perspective because in 1979 Egypt and Sudan signed a treaty which apportioned the water between themselves without the consent of the other downstream countries and the role of Egypt in all of Africa has generally a policy of destabilisation. The status quo is not to the benefit of the countries of Ethiopia and others.

The way Egypt uses the water is sometimes not sustainable. For example, the diversion of the water to the desert - is not even environmentally sound. And we'd rather the situation like in 1979 President Sadat said Egypt next time goes to war to protect this water. In 1985 you did state the next war in the region will be for water, these types of attestations for us are like - we consider them like a threat because Ethiopia is not allowed to use the waters of the Nile despite a series of droughts and famines. Ethiopia is not in a position to gain financial assistance from institutions like the World Bank because of Egypt.

Lyse Doucet:
Let's hear the answer now.

Dr Boutros Ghali:
No you see the problem is when you have a dispute you have certain incomprehension coming from both sides. On the Egyptian side there is an obsession on water security because there is no rain. In the case of the Sudan, in the case of Ethiopia, in the case of Uganda, in the case of Tanzania there is a difference between the main agriculture is based on the rain. So already they have less problem of water in those countries.

But I say that the simplest way to solve this problem is to create an institution which is already there trying to do this, is to create an international organisation which will take care about those problems and will solve those problems peacefully - through arbitration and through certain rules. It means the distribution of water must be based on different criterion. A country which has rain, which can use rain in its own agriculture then they must receive a quantity of water which is less than the quantity of water given to a country which has no rain at all.

Lyse Doucet:
It all sounds very rational and very conciliatory Boutros Ghali. Thank you very much Asnake for calling us. And I have to say Boutros Ghali that there are a number of Ethiopians who don't seem to have a very positive view of Egypt's generosity. Tafere Hailemariam who now lives in the United States e-mailed us to say: What is your opinion of Egypt's use of the Nile which ignores the growing needs of Ethiopia which is a major source of the Nile but which, year after year, faces the threat of starvation? Of course there are nine countries which are sharing the Nile water, so let's go from the concerns from Ethiopia to the concerns of Sudan. On the line from Kenana is Omer Elfarouk Mirghani, Omer welcome to Talking Point, what would you like to put to the former Secretary General?

Omer Elfarouk Mirghani:
Good afternoon. The Jonglei Canal project has created a forum on many experts citing its adverse effect to the environment and the consequences. With the prospect of peace settlement in the southern Sudan, do you think there is resumption of the canal works is viable?

Dr Boutros Ghali:
Look the Jonglei Canal began in 1979 and it stopped in 1983. It is a canal which is of 360 kilometres between Bor and Malakal and what is important that this canal will give us five billion cubic metres per year - those five billion cubic metres will be shared between Egypt and the Sudan. This is the first element. So the Jonglei Canal will stop the cause of the civil war in the south of the Sudan. But the Jonglei Canal represents such a contribution to more quantities of water for agriculture both to the Sudan and both to Egypt. So unfortunately the civil war helped stop the construction of the canal and because as you know there is a quantity of water which is evaporated by the swamps in this region so we lost more than five billion - during the last 20 years - we lost more than a hundred billion cubic metres of water due to the civil war in the south of the Sudan.

Lyse Doucet:
Let's bring it back from these 100 billion cubic units of water - Omer you live in Kenana in Sudan, a country affected by water shortages, how do you feel water shortages and the lack of cooperation in terms of the Nile in your own life?

Omer Elfarouk Mirghani:
Yes for our country we think that in some parts we have the same conditions as that prevailing in Egypt. Sudan is a very huge country - very large - you see in some places it's very similar as in Kenya - no need for the water of the Nile. But other places here are very arid, the same as in Egypt. So we have the same results in the parts of these countries - in Uganda and in Egypt. But going back to my question to Dr Ghali if you please - there is - I guess my question is about the environmental consequences of the canal itself because at the initial stage in 1979, as Dr Ghali said, some environmental institutions raised their voice against the canal, just for environmental reasons. Now there is a peace settlement in the future, very near future, that may be in August, may be there is a settlement in the southern part of Sudan and the obstacle will be removed. So the resumption of the work can be done. My question to Dr Ghali do you think that it is possible now after more than 20 years of this work - is it viable to resume this work?

Dr Boutros Ghali:
Yes, yes certainly, certainly it is - we would say it is necessary because two thirds of the canal has been already achieved, we still need one third. So in the next two or three years the canal will be finished and this will represent not only a route of communication between the north and the south of the Sudan between Bor and Malakal because we will have a road on both sides of the canal but in the same times it will give us an additional quantity of water. Furthermore I don't believe - I don't agree that this will present a real danger for the environmental situation in this region, on the contrary all the studies have proved that it is something very positive and very constructive, it will contribute to the modernisation of the Sudan and the south of the Sudan.

Lyse Doucet:
Good, Omer Elfarouk Mirghani thank you very much for joining us from Kenana in Sudan. We're going to move now to the other side of the world and John Mesrobian is on the line from the United States in Williamsburg. John what's your question for Boutros Ghali?

John Mesrobian:
Good afternoon Dr Ghali. My question is regards to potential conflict between Turkey and Syria and dragging in other countries in the conflict. Turkey is building various dams and do you see potential conflict? There's been rumblings in the past and that has gone silent but that issue can come up again.

Dr Boutros Ghali:
You see the problem of Syria that 80% of the water of Syria is based on the river coming from Turkey, they have not enough water. In the case of Egypt it is 100%, in the case of Syria it is 80%. So the only solution is again to negotiate between Syria and Iraq and Turkey so to have a redistribution of water to have common projects, as long as the project, based on any river, is done a bilateral basis or on a unilateral basis this cannot take into consideration the interest of all the owners of the river. So for the future I believe it is important, as in the Nekon River in Asia or as in the Danube in Europe, they have an international organisation dealing with the navigation of the river, dealing with the distribution of water, dealing with electricity which can be obtained through the different dams which are constructed and could be shared by the countries through a cross border system.

The only way is to sit around the table, to have an international conference to discuss and this, by the way, is the best way to obtain the financial support from the international bank or from the international community because all those countries have not the financial capacity to build these dams, to build those constructions, which will give additional quantities of water. But there is another element which is very important - this can produce electricity and electricity is a clean energy and electricity through semi-conductors could be exported to the European community to the European Union which will represent an income for those countries.

Lyse Doucet:
John Mesrobian I hope the former Secretary General has answered your question, thank you for calling us from the United States. We've been talking about Turkey, let's take a call from Turkey, Diane Horsley is on the line from Ankara, Diane what point would you like to make?

Diane Horsley:
The question I've got is over the building of dams, both in Turkey and countries like India and the other third world countries. I'd like to know why the UN supports the building of dam projects or the financing by the World Bank of dam projects in these countries when there are other traditional methods of irrigation and water conservation which have proven much more effective than dam building? And in addition to that the World Bank doesn't seem to provide any support for these countries in terms of preventing water pollution. In Turkey it's been announced that within about 15 or 20 years almost all of the groundwater sources are going to be polluted.

Dr Boutros Ghali:
I agree with you that this is a problem but I want to say that the new technology, which is drip irrigation, will represent a contribution to the water system but the only real contribution dealing with certain rivers is the construction of high dams. But drip irrigation could help but it will not solve the problem. And secondly drip irrigation is a very costly operation and it will need a special education. I am in favour of drip irrigation and new technology in irrigation in new technology using in the desert to use the minimum of quantity of water - this will help but the real solution concerning certain international rivers are construction of dams.

Lyse Doucet:
Diane Horsley, thank you for taking time for us on the line from Turkey. A number of people have also e-mailed us about the question of what's the best way to go about fulfilling our needs for water and you mentioned drip irrigation, we had an e-mail from Jagmohan in Ghaziabad in India who says: How can the world reconcile the need to grow more food with the need to use less water? Most poor farmers can't afford methods such as drip irrigation. Well we're joined now by Ravi Narayanan who is the director of WaterAid, he's on the line from London. Ravi you've been listening to this discussion about whether dams are the best thing, whether there are other technologies that can be used, what would you like to say about that?

Ravi Narayanan:
I think there's no one answer to the problems of water supply. Water storage is extremely important, particularly in areas of erratic rainfall. So the need to have some sort of water storage capacity is a case that can't be denied, the case can't be denied for structures that control water. Of course traditional methods are extremely important and it is true that sometimes these have been neglected because people think the dams are the only answer. They're not the only answer but on the other hand the needs for water are growing with irrigation, with domestic demand and with the needs of industry. So in order to be able to cope with the demands of water from all three sources it's important to have some sort of system which will use not only traditional methods, such as rain harvesting, such as traditional methods of storing but subject to the proviso that the social and economic costs are properly understood there is a case for a very cautious approach to dams as well.

Lyse Doucete:
Now Ravi most of our discussion so far has focused on the need for better cooperation between regions who are sharing key rivers, for example the nine countries along the Nile. Dr. Boutros Boutros Ghali has made a plea for these countries to work together, is it simply though a question of just sharing what's available or do we need a totally new approach to water, given that there may simply not be enough to go around?

Ravi Narayanan:
Yes I certainly think there needs to be first of all the realisation seems to be growing at last that water is a finite resource but the needs and the demands for water are growing at a rate that is going to outstrip the supply of water in the next few years. That's a start. Having made that - having realised that it's important for countries to be able to make sure that there is enough investment in the national plan and for donors to make sure that there is enough attention given to aid for water supply schemes to be able to answer this problem.

But having said that the points that have been made - the need for cooperation for countries sharing a river basin is of course absolutely true, it's not just countries sharing a river basin, it's the need for the different users of water - the industrial sector, the agricultural sector and the domestic sector - where a balance has to be struck and this is why it's extremely important for every country to have a national plan for the rational and optimal use of water.

Lyse Doucet:
Now we've heard from Boutros Ghali something must be done now, Boutros Ghali would you like to respond?

Dr Boutros Ghali:
No I just completely agree and I completely agree that what is important is to create an awareness, a national awareness on the importance of water, a national awareness to see that a plan must be done and that the problem is not only to build the dam in the case of rivers but how to distribute the water between urbanisation, between agriculture, between industrialisation. You will know that you have certain plantations who need more water than others, so maybe it would be better to have agriculture which use less quantity of water. So not only do we need a regional plan but we need - as it was mentioned now - national plan in each country to be aware of the importance of water and to be aware of the distribution of water between the different sections of the population.

Lyse Doucet:
Well these are certainly concerns that people have been raising in different ways in all of the e-mails and telephone calls that we've received. They're still coming in. Well our next caller is in Warwick in the United Kingdom, Arvinn Eikeland Gadgil is on the line, welcome to Talking Point what is your point?

Arvinn Eikeland Gadgil:
Thank you very much. I'm aware of the increasing role of private enterprise in water distribution and yet it seems like the World Bank has put a lot of emphasis on pushing forward these profit seeking private enterprises in this distribution. Does it worry you that we are moving closer and closer to a time where water is distributed, not according to needs but according to means? And I was also wondering if you could answer that question with a particular reference to the Middle East and North Africa region.

Boutros Ghali:
I'm not sure that I understand your question but the problem is I am worried that the private enterprise will take care about the problem of water. I believe that if this is the question - my question is that after all water is such an important problem that it must have a kind of supervision of the national governments because water is not like an industry dealing with cars or an industry dealing with - even with agriculture, this is something essential.

And the different international conferences which have adopted during the last 10 or 20 years have made of water a kind of human rights. Each man has the right to have clean water and this is why the United Nations have adopted this year the Year of Water. So I believe that water is such an important element that it must have a supervision of the government and this is why you will have a very strong opposition in certain countries when they have decided in the city that the distribution of water will be given to a private corporation or to a private institution because the price will be different than the price of water distributed by the government.

Lyse Doucet:
But the World Bank, is saying that 75% of the water programme should come from private sources, if private sources is the only way to provide clean water should we say that the priority has to be getting the water, regardless of where it comes from?

Dr Boutros Ghali:
Yes certainly if what is important is to have water and that the water will reach the people, this is important.

Lyse Doucet:
Arvinn thank you very much for joining us on the line here in the United Kingdom. Well a number of countries are actually considering whether or not after providing a certain minimum amount of water to their people whether then there should be a fee levied to give them even more. Let's go to South Africa no where we're joined by Ronnie Kasrils who is the water minister and he's on the line from Cape Town. Welcome to Talking Point Ronnie Kasrils, tell us first about just how serious is the problem of water in your country, we hear about all the other problems that South Africa is dealing with but is water also a priority for you?

Ronnie Kasrils:
Certainly, South Africa is a water stressed country. Rainfall in South Africa is below the world average. We also have fluctuations in rainfall - drought periods followed by floods. I think the point that Mr Boutros Ghali was making about the need for dams certainly has applied here where we really need to store water during periods of real need but to do so in terms of sensitivity to the environment.

The question that we're dealing with of course follows the apartheid period where the majority of black people in our country were not served, basic services were non existent, the rural people had to fend for themselves and search for water in increasingly polluted sources. So we've had a major thrust from 1994 - the year of our first democratic election - to ensure that we serve all our people with water and that's clean water. We're way ahead of the Millennium Development Goals and in the year 2008 all the people in South Africa will be receiving clean water and we also enshrine the right to water in our constitution and we have a policy of ensuring that there's a minimum amount of water, basic amount of water.

Lyse Doucet:
That all sounds very good Ronnie Kasrils although we do hear reports in South Africa that people don't actually have much access to it or either have to go very long ways to get it. Let me put to you an e-mail that we received from a gentleman in Ghana, Julius Patamia who says: Why does the UN appear to be unconcerned that the World Bank coerces poor countries like Ghana to privatise their water resources? Is that something you are doing either because the international community is pressuring you or you believe as a government that you should do it, that some people will have to pay for their water?

Ronnie Kasrils:
No we don't privatise our water at all. And I believe that the World Bank is beginning to show sensitivity to our argument, which we started several years ago and made warnings that they should not insist on investment that requires that water must be privatised. We do keep the option open for our municipalities but only 2% of our municipalities have an agreement with a private sector company. So the other 98% is purely state public partnership approach.

Lyse Doucet:
Now do you believe that the international community and development agencies are paying enough attention to the need for water and the possible crisis? We had an e-mail from Raj Prayag who sent it from Port Louis in Mauritius, he says: The G8, the industrialised nations who met last week, didn't even bother to discuss the African's dire need for water. Who should we turn to for assistance? Please stop all these empty talks about Africa's needs if nothing will be done. Do you share that sentiment?

Ronnie Kasrils:
Well I would say that there's certainly internationally now from the United Nations, the World Summit on Sustainable Development, all the conferences an awareness that there is this dire need for water and that the developing countries must be greatly assisted. The water issue was taken up at the G8 meeting and of course there have been numerous statements from the Jo'burg Summit right through to the G8 Monterrey and all these meetings where the richer - the developed countries have made commitments. But we still see these as only commitments, we're waiting to see this really put into action. So from that point of view the rich countries have to really show that they understand the need for crisis factor and that they've got to put their money, their resources, their investment where their mouths are.

Lyse Doucet:
Ronnie Kasrils thank you for your warning from Cape Town. Boutros Ghali you've been listening to that, you had a long service in the United Nations, people have to put their money where their mouths are he says.

Dr Boutros Ghali:
May I mention a very simple idea? By obtaining the electrification of the different dams on the different rivers in Africa, Africa will be able to export the electricity to Europe. Another way the construction of, let us say, a huge Mashall Plan in Africa for the electrification of the continent based on using the water which exists in Central Africa, which is very important, this will be something important because Africa will be able to export through the semiconductor and through the new technique electricity to Europe.

So here we have a very important element where it will be in the interests of the rich countries of the north to invest in a huge programme of electrification of Africa based on the construction of different dams and at the same time the construction of those differing dams will help to solve the problem of water. So if we combine the problem of water with the problem of energy, which is electric energy, which is a clean energy, we will be able to find the solution which is to obtain a better cooperation between the north and the south.

Lyse Doucet:
A very practical suggestion Dr Boutros Ghali. Thank you to Ronnie Kasrils who was joining us from South Africa, South Africa's minister for water. We're going to stay in Africa and take another caller on the line from Malawi, Rafiq Hajat is joining us. Rafiq what question would you like to ask Boutros Ghali?

Rafiq Hajat:
Basically I feel that water is a prerequisite to life, is a second generation right and as such it is too important to be placed in the hands that are subject to nationalistic tendencies. Therefore it needs a global system of management that would link the supply of water, enhance access and at the same time provide vital developmental assistance to third world countries that may have a surplus of this precious resource.

Lyse Doucet:
What do you think?

Dr Boutros Ghali:
I have no objection, on the contrary I have no objection as long as this will be done on a regional basis and it will be done with the agreement of the different governments because it is dealing with the sovereignty of the different governments and maybe it's through this kind of regional organisation taking care about the distribution of water we may obtain the support of the donor countries. So I completely agree that water is a prerequisite to life and it is important to obtain the attention of the international community to cooperate in huge programmes - a huge programme to obtain clean water in the different parts of Africa.

Lyse Doucet:
Rafiq do you feel the shortage of water in your daily life in Malawi because it's an area that's been drought prone?

Rafiq Hajat:
Well over here we have suffered pretty badly recently. However, I would like to commend the World Bank. I know they've been blasted left, right and centre but the World Bank in Malawi, through the Malawi social action fund, has invested very heavily in the drilling of bore holes to provide clean potable water to rural communities. And I think to date over 3,000 bore holes have been drilled and I think that is a commendable effort. And the second aspect is the emphasis now on treadle pumps which draws water from rivers for irrigation and obviating the need for massive dams that have various environmental repercussions and long-term detrimental effects.

Lyse Doucet:
Rafiq Hajat thank you for joining us with some positive news from Malawi. Well many of you have e-mailed us with your questions about how clean drinking water can be provided to people, especially those who live in the poorest countries. We had a question from Erik Ollson, he's the director of the Drinking Water Programme from the National Resources Defence Council in Washington.

Erik Ollson:
My question is as you know there are millions of children who die every year across the globe from contaminated tap water, in fact more people die from bad tap water than die from all wars combined. And my question is: how are we going to get the 10 countries that have the bulk of the problem, in fact two thirds of the problem are in just 10 countries, how are we going to get those developing countries to focus on the problem and to ask for the aid that they need in order to address this calamity?

Lyse Doucet:
Boutros Ghali how are we going to get those countries to address this issue?

Dr Boutros Ghali:
I believe that we will need the cooperation between the different international organisations and those countries. After all I remember I gave a lecture in 1989 at the American Congress, to create an awareness about the problem of water in the poor countries. So here again it is a question of cooperation between the north and the south because the poor countries may have the awareness of the problem of water but will have not the capacity first of all to cooperate among themselves, they will need a kind of mediator who plays the role of catalyst while they're discussing the problem and they will need a real assistance coming from the different international financial organisations. So the countries of the north - the United States, European community - can play a role by offering specific assistance to this problem.

Lyse Doucet:
Ravi Narayanan let's bring you in here, he's the director of WaterAid, this is something you worry about a lot - cooperation between the richer countries and the poor about the need to preserve and to get more sources of water. Is that happening do you feel?

Ravi Narayanan:
Well let me just go back to the question that was just asked about the quality of water. One of the things that people are constantly talking about are - they talk about drinking water as if that is the only health hazard. Actually the lack of safe drinking water - it's the safe handling of water that is equally important. And I think it's going to be increasingly important for us to discuss water together with hygiene education - the handling of water so that it remains safe after it's extracted from whatever source - whether it's a hand pump or a tap. So I think it's going to be important - whether it's international agencies or NGOs or governments themselves to pay enough attention to the aspect of hygiene education when we talk about public provision of water.

Now coming back to the issue of investment in water, there was an earlier question about private sector participation and I think Mr Kasrils answer was right on the spot, there should be no automatic conditionality to say that private sector participation is the only route to the provision of clean water. There are over a billion people - 1.2 billion people - in the world without access to any kind of safe water. The majority of them live in countries where the large private sector operators have no commercial interest currently and it's unlikely that they're going to do so in the next few years. And for these countries it's extremely important that their national governments put aside a sufficient proportion of their national budgets to be able to address the problem of water which cuts across all sorts of other sectors as well because this is a major public health issue and so when they come to do their sums on how much is to be allocated to water it would be just as well if they consider the consequences of not having clean water - the burden of disease - and the effects that it has, the negative effects that it has on the public health system.

Lyse Doucet:
And on the last point cooperation between north and south?

avi Narayanan:
Absolutely essential and I think for the north, for the richer countries, the G8 and the other donor countries it's extremely important for them to realise that if they are serious about commitment to the Millennium Development Goals which is reducing the proportion of people without access to safe water by half then they need to make sure that the aid budgets are configured in that particular way and put aside a sufficient proportion of funds to be able to make this provision possible.

Lyse Doucet:
Good, well let's take another caller, this one is on the line from Melbourne in Australia, Edward Krzywdzinski joins us, Edward what's your question?

Edward Krzywdzinski:
Good afternoon Lyse, good afternoon Dr Boutros Ghali. The one thing that I haven't really heard about today is a fundamental point which underpins all this and that a higher demand for water raises consumption and places greater pressure on the global water resources. But what consideration is given to the implications of an expanding population? I mean we talk about it but what seriously is being done about this? And it's an issue that's not only relevant to developing countries but to the developed world also - we simply can't continue to increase the population unchecked without serious repercussions. And inevitably the developing world will want to manage the consumption and waste of water as presently exists in the West. So to that point the efficient water distribution and usage - the greatest waste comes from the agriculture and manufacturing sectors where fresh portable water is used, contaminated, released back into the system and we're polluting the freshwater sources and reserves at an unprecedented rate and water to most people seems to be something that either falls from the sky or can just be taken at will from lakes and rivers and we should be concentrating, along with populations….

Lyse Doucet:
So a broader approach to the whole question of water - taking in population as well as pollution - Boutros Ghali?

Dr Boutros Ghali:
The problem of the population explosion is a different problem and I completely agree that the problem of the demographic explosion is related to the problem of water. Just to return back to the problem of the Nile, the problem of the Nile will be the next dispute on the water of the Nile will be because of the demographic explosion in Ethiopia and in the Sudan where they will need more water and when they will need to use agriculture through irrigation. So I completely agree that one of the problems of water is related to the demographic explosion.

Now the demographic problem has been that certain countries have been successful in controlling the demographic explosion, other countries have not been successful. But the projections which are there it means with the control and with all the effort which has been done to control the demographic explosion the projections show that you will have a population increase of 3% which is a very high demographic increase of the population.

Lyse Doucet:
Well Mr Boutros Ghali given now this multifaceted nature of the problem, Sir, and the need for a global approach we had a text message from a man named Wisdom in Lagos, Nigeria and said: Can the United Nations evolve a global approach to the water issues similar to the one adopted towards the Aids crisis? Should the UN really put it at the top of the agenda in that kind of a multifaceted way that we've just been talking about?

Dr Boutros Ghali:
I am not so sure about the global approach to the problem could be done, I would prefer a regional approach. Just to take different regions of the world and to have regional or continental approach rather than a global approach. Now this could be done through a new international organisation but for the time being we have the crisis of the different international organisations, so we have to wait until we will be able to overcome this crisis of confidence towards the United Nations, a crisis of confidence toward the European Union, and the organisation of African unity. So I believe what is important is to overcome this crisis and the fact that certain international organisations have not been able to solve certain political problems doesn't mean that they are not important in the feeling that economic cooperation in the field of social problems, in the field of water, in the field of environment .

Lyse Doucet:
You were once at the helm of a major international organisation, Moncef Bichara in Morocco asks you: What were the main steps taken by the UN during your tenure as Secretary General to provide clean water to the poorest nations in Africa? You obviously believe it's a priority, what were you able and willing to do when you were at the head?

Dr Boutros Ghali:
We have been able to have a group of international conferences and among them which was the first conference which was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 is the problem of environments and the problem of environments is related to the problem of water. Since then you have many international meetings and the international bank have played also a role in trying to promote an awareness about the importance of the problem of water. But again you see the real problem is that you have so many international problems that unless special attention is given to the problems of water the problems of disease, the problems of terrorism will prevail and the different governments and the different international organisations will pay more attention to terrorism or to drugs traffic than to the problem of water or to the problem of environments.

Lyse Doucet:
Dr Boutros Ghali the world is indeed confronted with many, many problems and you've done a very good job today of telling us that you believe that water is one that should be put at the top of the agenda. Well I'm afraid that is all the time we have for today. Our special thanks to Boutros Boutros Ghali for being our guest and of course to all of you who've taken part in the programme. Sorry we couldn't take everyone who called us and we tried to read as many e-mails as we could but don't forget you can still contribute to the water debate by visiting our website at bbcnews.com/talkingpoint and there you can find out lots more about water and take part in our online voting. I'm Lyse Doucet, from me and the rest of the Talking Point team, goodbye for now.

End